Grupo de conexiones JDBC compatible con App Engine

Nota: sé sobreesta hilo pero es bastante viejo y, además, la solución no funcionó para mí.

Estoy usando App Engine junto con Cloud SQL y me gustaría compartir un grupo de conexiones abiertas entre todos los usuarios actuales de la aplicación. He intentado varias implementaciones de grupos de conexiones y todas funcionan perfectamente con el servidor de desarrollo local, sin embargo, cuando se implementan en la nube, fallan. Supongo que la razón es el entorno restringido "sandbox" de App Engine. ¿Alguien sabe sobre el grupo de conexiones JDBC que funciona en App Engine?

Apache Commons DBCP

...
Caused by: java.lang.NoClassDefFoundError: Could not initialize class org.apache.commons.dbcp2.PoolableConnection
at com.google.appengine.runtime.Request.process-a49d46300800d0ca(Request.java)
at org.apache.commons.dbcp2.PoolableConnectionFactory.makeObject(PoolableConnectionFactory.java:254)
at org.apache.commons.dbcp2.BasicDataSource.validateConnectionFactory(BasicDataSource.java:2162)
at org.apache.commons.dbcp2.BasicDataSource.createPoolableConnectionFactory(BasicDataSource.java:2148)
at org.apache.commons.dbcp2.BasicDataSource.createDataSource(BasicDataSource.java:1903)
at org.apache.commons.dbcp2.BasicDataSource$PaGetConnection.run(BasicDataSource.java:2267)
at org.apache.commons.dbcp2.BasicDataSource$PaGetConnection.run(BasicDataSource.java:2263)
at java.security.AccessController.doPrivileged(AccessController.java:63)
at org.apache.commons.dbcp2.BasicDataSource.getConnection(BasicDataSource.java:1404)
...

Grupo de conexiones JDBC de Tomcat

...
Caused by: java.lang.SecurityException: Unable to get members for class org.apache.tomcat.jdbc.pool.DataSource

...

Caused by: java.lang.reflect.InvocationTargetException
at sun.reflect.GeneratedMethodAccessor9.invoke(Unknown Source)
at sun.reflect.DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.java:43)
at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Method.java:606)
... 45 more
Caused by: java.lang.NoClassDefFoundError: javax/management/MalformedObjectNameException
at java.lang.Class.getDeclaredMethods0(Native Method)
at java.lang.Class.privateGetDeclaredMethods(Class.java:2517)
... 45 more
Caused by: java.lang.ClassNotFoundException: javax.management.MalformedObjectNameException
... 45 more

HikariCP

...
java.security.AccessControlException: access denied ("java.lang.RuntimePermission" "modifyThreadGroup")
at java.security.AccessControlContext.checkPermission(AccessControlContext.java:375)
at java.security.AccessController.checkPermission(AccessController.java:565)
at java.lang.SecurityManager.checkPermission(SecurityManager.java:549)
at java.lang.ThreadGroup.checkAccess(ThreadGroup.java:315)
at java.lang.Thread.init(Thread.java:378)
at java.lang.Thread.<init>(Thread.java:527)
at com.zaxxer.hikari.util.DefaultThreadFactory.newThread(DefaultThreadFactory.java:32)
at java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor$Worker.<init>(ThreadPoolExecutor.java:591)
at java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor.addWorker(ThreadPoolExecutor.java:922)
at java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor.ensurePrestart(ThreadPoolExecutor.java:1591)
at java.util.concurrent.ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor.delayedExecute(ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor.java:305)
at java.util.concurrent.ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor.scheduleAtFixedRate(ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor.java:542)
at com.zaxxer.hikari.pool.HikariPool.<init>(HikariPool.java:161)
at com.zaxxer.hikari.pool.HikariPool.<init>(HikariPool.java:114)
at com.zaxxer.hikari.HikariDataSource.getConnection(HikariDataSource.java:102)
...

Vibur DBCP

...
Caused by: java.security.AccessControlException: access denied ("java.lang.RuntimePermission" "modifyThreadGroup")
at java.security.AccessControlContext.checkPermission(AccessControlContext.java:375)
at java.security.AccessController.checkPermission(AccessController.java:565)
at java.lang.SecurityManager.checkPermission(SecurityManager.java:549)
at java.lang.ThreadGroup.checkAccess(ThreadGroup.java:315)
at java.lang.Thread.init(Thread.java:378)
at java.lang.Thread.<init>(Thread.java:448)
at org.vibur.objectpool.reducer.SamplingPoolReducer.<init>(SamplingPoolReducer.java:78)
at org.vibur.dbcp.pool.PoolOperations$PoolReducer.<init>(PoolOperations.java:88)
at org.vibur.dbcp.pool.PoolOperations$PoolReducer.<init>(PoolOperations.java:86)
at org.vibur.dbcp.pool.PoolOperations.<init>(PoolOperations.java:79)
at org.vibur.dbcp.ViburDBCPDataSource.start(ViburDBCPDataSource.java:197)
....

c3p0

...
Caused by: java.security.AccessControlException: access denied ("java.lang.RuntimePermission" "modifyThreadGroup")
at java.security.AccessControlContext.checkPermission(AccessControlContext.java:375)
at java.security.AccessController.checkPermission(AccessController.java:565)
at java.lang.SecurityManager.checkPermission(SecurityManager.java:549)
at java.lang.ThreadGroup.checkAccess(ThreadGroup.java:315)
at java.lang.Thread.init(Thread.java:378)
at java.lang.Thread.<init>(Thread.java:487)
...